prefab homes, housing - a traditional structure (building) or natural shelter adapted for human habitation (family, several families) and some animals. Housing can be permanent, semi-permanent or non-permanent.
The Constitution of many countries speaks of the human right to privacy and the inviolability of the home.
In addition to the practical function, the prefab homes performs a symbolic role - it embodies the idea of a structured human cultural space, protected from external chaos, communicates with previous generations of a family or clan. In this sense, a prefab homes means not only a residential building itself, but also a shipping container homes in the broadest sense of the word, including a settlement, a country, an ecumene as a whole[1]. Housing is understood as apartment buildings for permanent residence, dormitories for living while working or studying, hotels for short-term residence. Apartment buildings include hotel-type shipping container homess and nursing homes[2]. The appearance, material for the walls and the internal structure of the modular homes are very diverse (the material can be wood, tarpaulin, stone, concrete, earth, brick, steel, and even glass, bone or snow).
The word "prefab homes" comes from the Russian word "to live". In Indo-European languages (and some languages outside the Indo-European language area), words with ancient roots "hus/gus", "haz/cas"[3][4] and "dom"[3][5] are used to designate modular homes. Words based on these morphemes are used in the meanings of a prefab homes as a building and at the same time in the meaning of a habitat, depending on the context. The Germanic languages share "hus" as a building with its inhabitants, and "heim" ("ham", "home") as a prefab homes place, also have words based on the morpheme "dom", but in the sense of places of worship
People have been using housing since the times of the primitive communal system. Initially, these were various caves, grottoes, etc. Since natural modular homes could not satisfy all the needs of ancient people, their arrangement began. Paving of residential areas with stone was used (for example, the ancient site of La Ferrasi, El Castillo Cave), stone fences (Ilskaya Parking in the Krasnodar Territory), simple piles of stones, which also served as fences (Wolf's Grotto Cave in the Crimea). The most ancient modular homes of people who lived on the plains were dugouts and huts.
Climate change, cooling, forced people to increasingly engage in the construction of modular homes. In the initial absence of special tools, trees, as well as animal bones, served as the working material. One of the oldest built modular homes in the world dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. e. and was made from mammoth bones; the find was made in the village of Mezhirich, not far from Kyiv. Probably, the prefab homes was covered with mammoth skins. The prefab homes was discovered in 1965 by a peasant digging a cellar at a depth of 2 m[6][7].
modular homes in the modern sense have been built, apparently, since the Neolithic, but in different places and in different cultures, housing construction began at different times. Thus, the earliest known Neolithic modular homes of Ancient Egypt date back to the 10th mill. BC, and in Greece, buildings were found that were created around 6000 BC. e. modular homes in the northern regions, with their severe winters, the prefab homes is one round or square room with a place for a hearth in the middle and a smoke outlet at the top. Sometimes in such a prefab homes people spent the night with their pets. In the Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora there is a museum "Neolithic modular homes" (Bolg.) Russian, where various shipping container homeshold utensils of that era are presented: the first ovens for baking bread, hand mills, ceramic vessels and others[8].
Reconstruction of a conical birch bark yurt of the Altai Turks
After the transition from nomadic to sedentary lifestyle, modular homes gradually change. The appearance, size and location of modular homes is very diverse and depends both on the national and cultural characteristics of the region, and on the social status of its owner. In dry and treeless areas, adobe, brick and adobe buildings were built. Timber-framed wooden shipping container homess were erected in forest-rich regions of Europe and Asia. Initially, such shipping container homess consisted of one room, then they began to build buildings consisting of several rooms that had different purposes: for example, a bedroom, kitchen, living room, etc.
In the IX millennium BC. e. the first stone shipping container homess appear. Among the oldest settlements in which archaeologists have discovered stone residential buildings are Chayonu in southeastern Anatolia and Jericho in Palestine [9].
Reconstruction of pile modular homes of the Late Neolithic period
During the Bronze Age, one of the most common types of modular homes in Europe were still dug into the ground, often round in terms of modular homes, covered with cone-shaped roofs. Along with them, ground shipping container homess are common, the walls of which were built of stone or were wicker and coated with clay. At the junction of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, pile modular homes also spread, and the scope of its application is quite wide - from Italian terramars and structures on lakes in the vicinity of the Alps (eng. Prehistoric pile modular homes around the Alps) to pile structures in Oceania and Dayak shipping container homess on Kalimantan.
The spread of armed conflicts leads to the emergence of fortified settlements (the settlement of Bereznyaki, the Yaroslavl region, the settlement of Tushemlya, the Smolensk region)[10].
Some types of modular homes (for example, castles) in certain historical periods could only be owned by people who had the appropriate social status (for example, nobles). Initially, when agriculture was the predominant activity, shipping container homess were usually built in small groups (villages, towns, villages). Then, with the development of crafts, cities gradually appeared.
Residential buildings of ancient Egypt
As in many other places, the first modular homes in Egypt were pits, caves, various canopies made of animal skins, structures using wicker structures. Later, brick dried in the sun began to be used. One of the largest and oldest settlements where brick was used is the settlement of Merimde Beni Salama, which arose in the Predynastic period. modular homes made of such bricks were oval, the floor was adobe, the ceiling was made of reed. Buildings of this type were preserved in the future - in the period of the Early Kingdom and later. Wealthier people, such as priests, could afford to live in logs. The palaces of the pharaohs could be imposing brick structures[11].
Residential buildings of ancient Greece
There is little archaeological information about the oldest residential buildings. In part, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe prefab homes can be drawn from the descriptions in Homer's poems. The prefab homes was closely connected with agriculture; The courtyard was the main part of the shipping container homes. Also, the complex of the shipping container homes could include a garden, a vegetable garden, a bathshipping container homes, a bathshipping container homes. Separately stood out the female half (gynekey), which could be located on the second floor.
Urban modular homes of the classical period were determined by the planning structure of the city. The division into rectangular quarters also determined the rectangular shape of buildings, and all buildings often had a similar size. During this period, the so-called "pastad" type of residential building was formed. Due to the hot climate, the main premises were located on the north side of the shipping container homes. The windows and doors of the rooms faced the inner courtyard, there was also a staircase to the second floor. The premises were divided functionally: andron (men's room) was intended for feasts, oikos (a room with a hearth), etc. The buildings were made of unbaked bricks, the ceilings were made of wood, the roof was made of tiles or earthen.
The development of residential buildings in the Hellenistic period was influenced by property stratification. Wealthier residents could afford to have shipping container homess that were half a block or larger. The dominant type of prefab homes becomes a peristyle shipping container homes, which was often rebuilt from a shepherd shipping container homes[12].
Residential buildings of ancient Rome
The pronounced social stratification in the Roman Empire also led to different types of modular homes for people of different social groups. The growth of the urban population, a very large part of which were the poor, served as the emergence of such a type of residential building as the insula. Insula was a multi-storey building in which premises for living were rented out. Most often, the prefab homes was a shop or some kind of workshop, over which an additional or several additional floors were built for living. The possibility of such a superstructure became possible due to the development of construction technology in the empire, in particular, the appearance of Roman concrete, the improvement of vaulted ceilings. However, the very quality of the structures was often very low, which led to their collapse. There was no running water or sewerage in the insulas. The height of the insul could reach 5-6 floors.
shipping container homes of the Vettii, Pompeii. Patio
The modular homes of the wealthier Romans were atrium-peristyle shipping container homess (domuses). Gradual modification, the appearance of additional floors, laid the foundation for the future appearance of multi-apartment well shipping container homess with a courtyard in the center. Atrium-peristyle shipping container homess, in addition to the atrium itself and the peristyle, included many other rooms of various functionality, the disorderly extension of which in some cases led to the loss of the perception of the prefab homes as a whole.
Imperial residences were a separate type of prefab homes. Initially, most likely, representing the type of domus, later they turned into multi-building ensembles. They included both the palaces themselves and throne rooms, basilicas, pools, stadia, lararia, residential buildings and other structures.
Another type of prefab homes of the Roman nobility were villas. The villa served as a country shipping container homes for living. The advent of calorific heating allowed them to become a place of permanent residence throughout the year. The villas were very diverse, they could be either a single structure or functionally divided into separate buildings. Often located on islands and in bays, the villas also included mooring facilities. The largest villas were an extensive architectural and landscape composition with a single concept[13].
Housing in Russia
See also: Russian national prefab homes
In the times of Ancient Russia, against the background of the development of feudal relations, the transformation of tribal settlements into villages with a communal way of life took place, which was caused by the transition to farming by one family. The modular homes of people during this period retain their form, which came from past centuries - these are ground-based or partially buried shipping container homess. In the north, the main material of the walls is logs, while in the south, frame structures using clay are common. The shipping container homess were mostly one-room, the location of the hearth was usually determined by the back wall, and shipping container homeshold storage facilities were made in dug recesses in the floor.
Communication hut. Two cages-huts are connected in the middle by a canopy. Ethnographic Museum of the Peoples of Transbaikalia.
In the settlements where the princes lived, buildings were differentiated according to their purpose: churches, separate premises for servants, and facilities for storing food stocks were allocated. The prince's prefab homes, the mansion, had the most complex structure. Mansions, as a rule, were log cabins, united among themselves, and had a three-membered structure: a vestibule, a warm living room, a cold utility room[14].
Interior and planning history
Little is known about the earliest residential buildings and their interiors, but it is possible to trace their history back to the simplest shelters. The ancient Roman architect Vitruvius believed that the first architectural solution was a hut made of branches covered with clay mortar - a primitive hut (English) Russian [15]. Later, Philip Tabor noted that the Dutch shipping container homess of the 17th century served as the basis of modern architecture[16]:
As far as we understand the idea of a prefab homes shipping container homes, the shipping container homes of shipping container homess is the Netherlands. In the first three quarters of the 17th century, this idea "crystallized". Just at that time, the Dutch had an unprecedented accumulation of capital, and they were able to allocate such funds to [beautify] the local space.
In the Middle Ages, most capital modular homes were in estates, where various activities were carried out and various events took place. Many people lived in those shipping container homess, including family members, relatives, workers, servants, and guests[15]. Their way of life was largely communal, and the arrangement of the prefab homes corresponded to this. In the Great Hall (English) Russian. usually everyone dined together and held meetings, and the large room served as a common bedroom[17].
Connecting rooms
The construction of shipping container homess with adjoining rooms was developed in the Italian palaces of the 15th and 16th centuries, during the era of the architectural Renaissance. Unlike the premises of the manor shipping container homes, most of the rooms of the palace did not have a predetermined purpose, but almost each of them had several doors leading to all neighboring ones. Robin Evans (1944-1993) described this layout as "a matrix of separate yet carefully connected chambers"[18]. This allowed the inhabitants of such a palace to freely walk throughout the building from room to room, sometimes violating the boundaries of privacy. “In general, moving around such a building was possible only in this way - moving from room to room, and from that one again to the next one. Stairs and corridors, if there were any, led from only one room to another and never formed a "common road". Despite the fact that the walls of the rooms delimited separate spaces, the villa as a whole had an open layout, relatively permeable to the many residents of such a structure. The open floor plan encouraged residents to be social and connected[15].
The corridor
One of the earliest examples of the appearance of a corridor is found in Beaufort shipping container homes, built in 1597 in Chelsea, London, according to the project of the English architect John Zop (eng. John Thorpe), who made the inscription on his drawings: “A long passage through everything ”(Eng. A Long Entry through all)[19]. In this shipping container homes, it was already possible to go outside from each room through a common corridor and a common front door, and not through adjacent rooms. For that time, such an architectural solution was revolutionary. The English architect Roger Pratt wrote that “the presence in the middle of a common passage running the entire length of the shipping container homes allowed people not to disturb each other with constant passages through adjacent rooms”[20]. In the 17th century, the stratification of society and inequality between people intensified, social classes and estates took shape and became even more distinct. This could not but affect the architecture. The layout of the rich shipping container homess of that time included a rather strict division of interior space between servants and the upper class; an ordinary servant had no right to go beyond the territory allotted to him, especially in the presence of the owner's guests or other outsiders[20]. This same social division between rich and poor led most British town shipping container homess in the 19th century to have corridors rather than adjoining rooms.
Sociologist Witold Rybczynski noted that then "the division of the prefab homes into spaces of day and night use, into formal and informal places"[21] began. An ordinary room at that time already had a single door leading to a common corridor, and finally turned from a common room into a purely private specialized space[15].
Separation of home from work
shipping container homes in Amsterdam, built in 1669
In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, most people worked in the same place where they lived: in their shipping container homes, or next to it: on a piece of land, a barnyard, in a workshop or in a trading shop. In 17th-century Holland, an increasing separation of the shipping container homeshold from work, craft or business began, brought about by the Industrial Revolution, the creation of large factories and the displacement of small artisans. In contrast to the huge shipping container homess of the English Renaissance, in Holland in the “golden” 17th century, shipping container homess were built on a much smaller area, each of which was inhabited by a maximum of four or five people[15]. It was customary for the Dutch of that time to rely on themselves, rely on their own strength, including doing without the help of servants in the shipping container homeshold. Therefore, residential buildings were designed small-sized: so that the shipping container homes could be serviced by the forces of the family living in it[15]. Dutch residential buildings of that time turned into comfortable shelters, intended only for relaxation and communication with family and close friends, and were already very similar to modern ones. Privacy was also important; therefore, despite the compactness of the Dutch shipping container homes, a common corridor was also made in it, and not adjacent rooms. By the end of the 17th century, the process of transforming Dutch residential buildings into a close-to-modern look was completed[15].
The evolution of housing in the XIX-XX centuries
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The industrial revolution led to a sharp increase in the demand for housing in the cities: attics, basements, sheds, storerooms were rented out.
The Poor District, Bath, UK
In Great Britain, after the industrial revolution, there was a need for housing for a huge number of workers in factories and factories. In this regard, in order to reduce the cost and speed up construction, residential semi-detached multi-section terraced shipping container homess began to be massively erected (several semi-detached shipping container homess in a row with common walls, each building mirroring the appearance of the neighboring one). The streets of English cities were filled with unsightly rows of brick shipping container homess on two floors - downstairs a kitchen with a stove on a coal, exits to the street and a mini-garden, upstairs - the only living room for everyone.
The prefab homes of the bourgeoisie was, as a rule, a mansion. For representatives of the technical and artistic intelligentsia, relatively small cottages were built.
Suburb of San Jose (California), USA.
Motorization in developed countries in the 1920s and 1930s led to the growth of the suburbs, especially in the United States. After the Second World War, new technologies for the mass construction of the same type, relatively inexpensive residential buildings appeared.
apartment buildings
Main article: Tenement building
Apartment buildings (insulas) first appeared in ancient Rome.
In Europe, the practice of building tenement shipping container homess was revived in the middle of the 17th century. The cost of renting apartments depended on the floor on which they were located: the higher, the cheaper[22].
The assertion of capitalist relations from the beginning of the 19th century stimulated the construction of tenement shipping container homess with apartments for rent.
Former tenement shipping container homess built in the late 19th - early 20th century in Vitebsk, Belarus
In addition to tenement shipping container homess for workers, shipping container homess with rental apartments for the middle class and upper class began to appear in many European cities in the second half of the 19th century. By 1880 thanks to the emergence of such technical innovations as the elevator, the popularity of this type of prefab homes has increased significantly [22].
After the First World War in Germany, the need to build cheap yet comfortable enough housing for a rapidly growing number of workers led to the emergence of a new direction in the architecture of apartment buildings, which was promoted by the Higher School of Building and Artistic Design, known as the Bauhaus. Apartment buildings designed by architects of this direction, such as Bruno Taut, have become classics of housing construction and are reproduced with slight changes in all countries of the world up to the present day. [source not specified 2269 days]
Residential complex. Karl Legin in Berlin's Prenzlauer Berg district. 1929
Housing in the USSR
After the abolition of private property in 1918, shipping container homess that had previously belonged to the bourgeoisie began to be inhabited by families of workers. The need to establish shipping container homeskeeping management led to the spontaneous emergence of a peculiar form of residence - communal shipping container homess. Residents created self-government bodies, public kitchens, dining rooms, nurseries, laundries, etc. began to function directly in the shipping container homes. housing of a new type, in which public premises were to become the core.
According to this principle, the shipping container homes-commune of architect I. S. Nikolaev, the shipping container homes of Narkomfin in Moscow, the shipping container homes-commune of engineers and writers, the shipping container homes of political convicts, Baburinsky, Bateninsky and Kondratievsky housing estates in Leningrad were built. In apartments for one or two families, washbasins, kitchens (or kitchen cabinets for heating food delivered in thermoses from kitchen factories) and water closets were provided, and bath and laundry procedures were carried out either in bath-shower complexes for several apartments, or in baths and laundries that were part of the complex.
Yard of the Kondratievsky residential area
The appearance in the future during the time of the NEP of rent marked the emergence of a new form of residential life - cooperation with equity participation. shipping container homess built in the 1920s for this form of life were already closer to ordinary residential buildings, consisting of separate cells with no or a small number of public premises. Simultaneously with apartment buildings, low-rise buildings developed very widely, in which a separate shipping container homes consisted of only a few apartments. Entire working-class quarters were built up with similar shipping container homess[23].
In the 1930s, the construction of residential buildings took place not only in workers' settlements, but also in the free territories of cities. Residential buildings became the formative element of entire neighborhoods and had to meet more serious requirements. In addition to improving the appearance, the living environment itself has undergone development - living quarters in buildings. The norms for the area of apartments, the height of the ceiling were increased, the presence of a bathroom in the apartment became mandatory. Sectional shipping container homess for two apartments with an elevator and four-apartment sections are widely used.
To maintain the pace of commissioning of residential buildings, the entire industry was transferred to standard design; since 1940, individual projects have been reduced to a minimum. The forties are characterized by the development of typical low-rise construction. Entire neighborhoods were built up with shipping container homess of 2-3 floors. But for large cities, this type of residential buildings was soon recognized as inappropriate and the construction of 4-7 storey buildings was resumed. In 1947, the first frame large-panel residential building was erected, which was the beginning of large-panel construction in the USSR, which later acquired a large scope.
Since the mid-1950s, mass and industrialization have become the main goals: buildings must be quickly assembled from parts made at enterprises. These goals have changed the ideas about the architecture of the prefab homes: aesthetics and excesses go by the wayside, planning and manufacturing technology are put at the forefront. It was during these years that an approach was laid, as a result of which hundreds of residential faceless quarters appeared, similar to one another, devoid of any expressiveness and individuality. By the end of the fifties, new housing standards were introduced: the minimum allowable sizes of rooms and especially kitchens were significantly reduced, combined bathrooms were allowed. All this made it possible to reduce the cost of housing.
Brick Khrushchev series 1-447 in Tomsk
Planning solutions for large-element construction were poorly suited for small families (of 1-3 people). This led to the emergence in the 1960s of a special type of housing - hotel-type shipping container homess. They had a corridor system and were connected to the public service block[24].
Housing in Russia
apartment buildings
Earthquakes in Armenia and Neftegorsk, terrorist bombings of residential buildings in Russia and shipping container homeshold gas explosions in apartments with devastating consequences revealed the lack of strength and unreliability of a significant [what?] share of Soviet-built modular homes. Steel is about 10 times stronger than concrete[25][26], so individual multi-story high-rise buildings began to be built using steel supports and frames[27][28][29].
A characteristic legacy of the Soviet era is the serial construction of multi-storey buildings, also distinguished by the type of construction: stalinka, Khrushchev, Brezhnevka.
A private shipping container homes
In Russia and other countries of the post-Soviet space, in addition to classical detached residential buildings, buildings such as barracks are also common - former barracks for several families living together, now divided into several families-owners, usually two or three families. When buying and selling, in order to distinguish between detached shipping container homess and barrack-type buildings, the former are usually called outbuildings. Cottages, dachas, country shipping container homess are also common.
In other countries
In China, striving for the construction of a moderately prosperous society by 2020, in 2003 the norms of “small income” in the housing sector were defined - “each family has an apartment, each person has a room with all conveniences”[30]. According to the 2000 general census, there were an average of 0.78 rooms for every Chinese.[30] By 2007, the average size of living space per city dweller increased from 22.8 sq. m. in 2002 to more than 27 square meters. m.[31]
In Ukraine, according to developers, the provision of housing is about 26.5 m² per person[32][non-authoritative source?].
people's modular homes
The architect Norbert Schoenauer, in his book 6,000 Years of Housing (Norbert Schoenauer's 6,000 Years of Housing), defines three main categories of modular homes: pre-city modular homes; "Eastern city" prefab homes; "Western city" prefab homes [source not specified 3359 days].
Pre-city modular homes include temporary modular homes such as Eskimo igloos, semi-permanent pueblito structures, and permanent homestead structures in New England.
"Eastern city" modular homes include the shipping container homess of the ancient Greeks and Romans, traditional city shipping container homess in China, India and Muslim cities.
“Western urban” modular homes include medieval city shipping container homess, Renaissance townshipping container homess, and shipping container homess, including apartment type, of the 19th and 20th centuries. At the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, in the construction of residential buildings in Western countries, they began to use the "Smart shipping container homes" system - an automated control system for engineering equipment of a prefab homes, using which a person sets the desired environment with one command, and automation in accordance with external
